• System-level design optimization and control of oscillating water column and Wells turbine energy converters emphasizes matching the turbine to the air chamber, damping control, and speed-torque regulation to maximize energy capture [18], [8], [9], [17], [20], [4], [6].

• Resource assessment and climate-aware design rely on wave climate atlases and numerical wind–wave models to estimate site potential, variability, and annual production, guiding device sizing and siting [16], [19], [7].

• Empirical validation through open-sea tests provides field performance benchmarks, reporting wave conditions, absorption, hull response and energy yield for prototype devices [1], [4].

• Modelling and numerical analysis of OWC/wave energy systems uses boundary-element methods and wave models to predict performance, optimize PTO strategies, and study air-flow control impacts [10], [7], [5].